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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import asyncio
import io
import logging
import os
import struct
import time
import warnings
from functools import partial
from socket import AF_INET, AF_INET6, AF_UNSPEC
from pyroute2 import netns
from pyroute2.common import AF_MPLS, basestring
from pyroute2.config import AF_BRIDGE
from pyroute2.netlink import NLM_F_ACK, NLM_F_DUMP, NLM_F_REQUEST, NLMSG_ERROR
from pyroute2.netlink.exceptions import (
NetlinkDumpInterrupted,
NetlinkError,
SkipInode,
)
from pyroute2.netlink.nlsocket import NetlinkRequest, NetlinkSocket
from pyroute2.netlink.rtnl import (
RTM_DELADDR,
RTM_DELLINK,
RTM_DELLINKPROP,
RTM_DELNEIGH,
RTM_DELQDISC,
RTM_DELROUTE,
RTM_DELRULE,
RTM_DELTCLASS,
RTM_DELTFILTER,
RTM_GETADDR,
RTM_GETLINK,
RTM_GETNEIGH,
RTM_GETNEIGHTBL,
RTM_GETNSID,
RTM_GETQDISC,
RTM_GETROUTE,
RTM_GETRULE,
RTM_GETSTATS,
RTM_GETTCLASS,
RTM_GETTFILTER,
RTM_NEWADDR,
RTM_NEWLINK,
RTM_NEWLINKPROP,
RTM_NEWNEIGH,
RTM_NEWNETNS,
RTM_NEWNSID,
RTM_NEWPROBE,
RTM_NEWQDISC,
RTM_NEWROUTE,
RTM_NEWRULE,
RTM_NEWTCLASS,
RTM_NEWTFILTER,
RTM_SETLINK,
RTMGRP_DEFAULTS,
RTMGRP_IPV4_IFADDR,
RTMGRP_IPV4_ROUTE,
RTMGRP_IPV4_RULE,
RTMGRP_IPV6_IFADDR,
RTMGRP_IPV6_ROUTE,
RTMGRP_IPV6_RULE,
RTMGRP_LINK,
RTMGRP_MPLS_ROUTE,
RTMGRP_NEIGH,
ndmsg,
)
from pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.fibmsg import fibmsg
from pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.ifaddrmsg import ifaddrmsg
from pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.ifinfmsg import ifinfmsg
from pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.ifstatsmsg import ifstatsmsg
from pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.iprsocket import AsyncIPRSocket, ChaoticIPRSocket
from pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.ndtmsg import ndtmsg
from pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.nsidmsg import nsidmsg
from pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.nsinfmsg import nsinfmsg
from pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.probe_msg import probe_msg
from pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.rtmsg import rtmsg
from pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.tcmsg import plugins as tc_plugins
from pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.tcmsg import tcmsg
from pyroute2.requests.address import AddressFieldFilter, AddressIPRouteFilter
from pyroute2.requests.bridge import (
BridgeFieldFilter,
BridgeIPRouteFilter,
BridgePortFieldFilter,
)
from pyroute2.requests.link import LinkFieldFilter, LinkIPRouteFilter
from pyroute2.requests.main import RequestProcessor
from pyroute2.requests.neighbour import (
NeighbourFieldFilter,
NeighbourIPRouteFilter,
)
from pyroute2.requests.probe import ProbeFieldFilter
from pyroute2.requests.route import RouteFieldFilter, RouteIPRouteFilter
from pyroute2.requests.rule import RuleFieldFilter, RuleIPRouteFilter
from pyroute2.requests.tc import TcIPRouteFilter, TcRequestFilter
from .parsers import default_routes, export_routes
DEFAULT_TABLE = 254
IPROUTE2_DUMP_MAGIC = 0x45311224
log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
def get_default_request_filters(mode, command):
filters = {
'link': [LinkFieldFilter(), LinkIPRouteFilter(command)],
'addr': [AddressFieldFilter(), AddressIPRouteFilter(command)],
'neigh': [NeighbourFieldFilter(), NeighbourIPRouteFilter(command)],
'route': [
RouteFieldFilter(add_defaults=(command not in ('dump', 'show'))),
RouteIPRouteFilter(command),
],
'rule': [RuleFieldFilter(), RuleIPRouteFilter(command)],
'tc': [TcRequestFilter(), TcIPRouteFilter(command)],
'brport': [BridgePortFieldFilter(command)],
'vlan_filter': [BridgeFieldFilter(), BridgeIPRouteFilter(command)],
'probe': [ProbeFieldFilter()],
'stats': [],
}
return filters[mode]
def get_dump_filter(mode, command, query):
if 'dump_filter' in query:
return query.pop('dump_filter'), query
if command not in ('dump', 'show'):
return RequestProcessor(), query
new_query = {}
if 'family' in query:
new_query['family'] = query.pop('family')
if 'ext_mask' in query:
new_query['ext_mask'] = query.pop('ext_mask')
if 'match' in query:
query = query['match']
if callable(query):
return query, {}
dump_filter = RequestProcessor(context=query, prime=query)
for rf in query.pop(
'dump_filter', get_default_request_filters(mode, command)
):
dump_filter.add_filter(rf)
dump_filter.finalize()
return dump_filter, new_query
def get_arguments_processor(mode, command, query, parameters=None):
if 'request_filter' in query:
return query['request_filter']
parameters = parameters or {}
# if not query:
# return RequestProcessor()
processor = RequestProcessor(context=query, prime=query)
for pname, pvalue in parameters.items():
processor.set_parameter(pname, pvalue)
for rf in get_default_request_filters(mode, command):
processor.add_filter(rf)
processor.finalize()
return processor
def transform_handle(handle):
if isinstance(handle, basestring):
(major, minor) = [int(x if x else '0', 16) for x in handle.split(':')]
handle = (major << 8 * 2) | minor
return handle
class RTNL_API:
'''A mixin RTNL API class.
`RTNL_API` should not be instantiated by itself, it is intended
to be used as a mixin class. Following classes use `RTNL_API`:
* `AsyncIPRoute` -- Asynchronous RTNL API
* `IPRoute` -- Synchronous RTNL API
* `NetNS` -- Legace netns-enabled RTNL API
This class was started as iproute2 ip/tc equivalent, but as a
Python API. It does not provide any complicated logic, but instead
runs simple RTNL queries:
It is an old-school API, that provides access to rtnetlink as is.
It helps you to retrieve and change almost all the data, available
through rtnetlink:
.. testcode:: cls01
from pyroute2 import IPRoute
ipr = IPRoute()
# create an interface
ipr.link("add", ifname="brx", kind="bridge")
# lookup the index
dev = ipr.link_lookup(ifname="brx")[0]
# bring it up
ipr.link("set", index=dev, state="up")
# change the interface MAC address and rename it just for fun
ipr.link(
"set",
index=dev,
address="00:11:22:33:44:55",
ifname="br-ctrl",
)
# add primary IP address
ipr.addr(
"add",
index=dev,
address="10.0.0.1",
prefixlen=24,
broadcast="10.0.0.255",
)
# add secondary IP address
ipr.addr(
"add",
index=dev,
address="10.0.0.2",
prefixlen=24,
broadcast="10.0.0.255",
)
.. testcode:: cls01
:hide:
br = ipr.link("get", index=dev)[0]
assert br.get("flags") & 1
try:
assert br.get("flags") & 2
except AssertionError:
pass
assert br.get("ifname") == "br-ctrl"
assert br.get("address") == "00:11:22:33:44:55"
addr1, addr2 = ipr.addr("dump", index=dev)
assert addr1.get("address") == "10.0.0.1"
assert addr2.get("address") == "10.0.0.2"
assert addr1.get("broadcast") == "10.0.0.255"
assert addr2.get("broadcast") == "10.0.0.255"
assert addr1.get("prefixlen") == 24
assert addr2.get("prefixlen") == 24
'''
def filter_messages(self, dump_filter, msgs):
'''
Filter messages using `dump_filter`. The filter might be a
callable, then it will be called for every message in the list.
Or it might be a dict, where keys are used to get values
from messages, and dict values are used to match the message.
The method might be called directly. It is also used by calls
like `ipr.link('dump', ....)`, where keyword arguments work as
`dump_filter` for `ipr.filter_messages()`.
A callable `dump_filter` must return True or False:
.. testcode:: fm01
# get all links with names starting with eth:
#
for link in ipr.filter_messages(
lambda x: x.get("ifname").startswith("eth"),
ipr.link("dump"),
):
print(link.get("ifname"))
.. testoutput:: fm01
eth0
A dict `dump_filter` can have callables as values:
.. testcode:: fm02
# get all links with names starting with eth, and
# MAC address in a database:
#
database = [
"52:54:00:72:58:b2",
]
for link in ipr.filter_messages(
{
"ifname": lambda x: x.startswith("eth"),
"address": lambda x: x in database,
},
ipr.link("dump"),
):
print(link.get("ifname"))
.. testoutput:: fm02
eth0
... or constants to compare with:
.. testcode:: fm03
# get all links in state up:
#
for link in ipr.filter_messages(
{"state": "up"}, ipr.link("dump"),
):
print(link.get("ifname"))
.. testoutput:: fm03
lo
eth0
'''
# filtered results, the generator version
for msg in msgs:
if NetlinkRequest.match_one_message(dump_filter, msg):
yield msg
# 8<---------------------------------------------------------------
#
async def dump(self, groups=None):
'''
Dump network objects.
* get_links()
* get_addr()
* get_neighbours()
* get_vlans()
* dump FDB
* IPv4 and IPv6 rules
'''
groups_map = {
RTMGRP_LINK: [
self.get_links,
self.get_vlans,
partial(self.fdb, 'dump'),
],
RTMGRP_IPV4_IFADDR: [partial(self.get_addr, family=AF_INET)],
RTMGRP_IPV6_IFADDR: [partial(self.get_addr, family=AF_INET6)],
RTMGRP_NEIGH: [self.get_neighbours],
RTMGRP_IPV4_ROUTE: [partial(self.get_routes, family=AF_INET)],
RTMGRP_IPV6_ROUTE: [partial(self.get_routes, family=AF_INET6)],
RTMGRP_MPLS_ROUTE: [partial(self.get_routes, family=AF_MPLS)],
RTMGRP_IPV4_RULE: [partial(self.get_rules, family=AF_INET)],
RTMGRP_IPV6_RULE: [partial(self.get_rules, family=AF_INET6)],
}
async def ret():
for group, methods in groups_map.items():
if group & (groups if groups is not None else self.groups):
for method in methods:
async for msg in await method():
yield msg
return ret()
async def poll(self, method, command, timeout=10, interval=0.2, **spec):
'''Wait for a method to succeed.
Run `method` with a positional argument `command` and keyword
arguments `**spec` every `interval` seconds, but not more than
`timeout`, until it returns a result which doesn't evaluate to
`False`.
Example:
.. testcode:: p0
# create a bridge interface and wait for it:
#
spec = {
'ifname': 'br0',
'kind': 'bridge',
'state': 'up',
}
ipr.link('add', **spec)
ret = ipr.poll(ipr.link, 'dump', **spec)
assert ret[0].get('ifname') == 'br0'
assert ret[0].get('flags') & 1
assert ret[0].get('state') == 'up'
assert ret[0].get(('linkinfo', 'kind')) == 'bridge'
.. testcode:: p1
:hide:
try:
ipr.poll(ipr.link, 'dump', ifname='br1')
except TimeoutError:
pass
'''
ctime = time.time()
ret = tuple()
while ctime + timeout > time.time():
try:
ret = await method(command, **spec)
if not isinstance(ret, list):
ret = [x async for x in ret]
if ret:
return ret
await asyncio.sleep(interval)
except NetlinkDumpInterrupted:
pass
raise asyncio.TimeoutError()
# 8<---------------------------------------------------------------
#
# Diagnostics
#
async def probe(self, command, **kwarg):
'''Run a network probe.
The API will trigger a network probe from the environment it
works in. For NetNS it will be the network namespace, for
remote IPRoute instances it will be the host it runs on.
Running probes via API allows to test network connectivity
between the environments in a simple uniform way.
Supported arguments:
* kind -- probe type, for now only ping is supported
* dst -- target to run the probe against
* num -- number of probes to run
* timeout -- timeout for the whole request
Examples::
ipr.probe("add", kind="ping", dst="10.0.0.1")
By default ping probe will send one ICMP request towards
the target. To change this, use num argument::
ipr.probe(
"add",
kind="ping",
dst="10.0.0.1",
num=4,
timeout=10
)
Timeout for the ping probe by default is 1 second, which
may not be enough to run multiple requests.
In the next release more probe types are planned, like TCP
port probe.
'''
msg = probe_msg()
arguments = get_arguments_processor('probe', command, kwarg)
request = NetlinkRequest(
self,
msg,
msg_type=RTM_NEWPROBE,
msg_flags=1,
request_filter=arguments,
)
await request.send()
return [x async for x in request.response()]
# 8<---------------------------------------------------------------
#
# Binary streams methods
#
async def route_dump(self, fd, family=AF_UNSPEC, fmt='iproute2'):
'''Save routes as a binary dump into a file object.
fd -- an open file object, must support `write()`
family -- AF_UNSPEC, AF_INET, etc. -- filter routes by family
fmt -- dump format, "iproute2" (default) or "raw"
The binary dump is just a set of unparsed netlink messages.
The `iproute2` prepends the dump with a magic uint32, so
`IPRoute` does the same for compatibility. If you want a raw
dump without any additional magic data, use `fmt="raw"`.
This routine neither close the file object, nor uses `seek()`
to rewind, it's up to the user.
'''
if fmt == 'iproute2':
fd.write(struct.pack('I', IPROUTE2_DUMP_MAGIC))
elif fmt != 'raw':
raise TypeError('dump format not supported')
msg = rtmsg()
msg['family'] = family
request = NetlinkRequest(
self,
msg,
msg_type=RTM_GETROUTE,
msg_flags=NLM_F_DUMP | NLM_F_REQUEST,
parser=export_routes(fd),
)
await request.send()
return [x async for x in request.response()]
async def route_dumps(self, family=AF_UNSPEC, fmt='iproute2'):
'''Save routes and returns as a `bytes` object.
The same as `.route_dump()`, but returns `bytes`.
'''
fd = io.BytesIO()
await self.route_dump(fd, family, fmt)
return fd.getvalue()
async def route_load(self, fd, fmt='iproute2'):
'''Load routes from a binary dump.
fd -- an open file object, must support `read()`
fmt -- dump format, "iproute2" (default) or "raw"
The current version parses the dump and loads routes one
by one. This behavior will be changed in the future to
optimize the performance, but the result will be the same.
If `fmt == "iproute2"`, then the loader checks the magic iproute2
prefix in the dump. Otherwise it parses the data from byte 0.
'''
if fmt == 'iproute2':
if (
not struct.unpack('I', fd.read(struct.calcsize('I')))[0]
== IPROUTE2_DUMP_MAGIC
):
raise TypeError('wrong dump magic')
elif fmt != 'raw':
raise TypeError('dump format not supported')
ret = []
for msg in self.marshal.parse(fd.read()):
request = NetlinkRequest(
self,
msg,
command='replace',
command_map={'replace': (RTM_NEWROUTE, 'replace')},
)
await request.send()
ret.extend(
[
x['header']['error'] is None
async for x in request.response()
]
)
if not all(ret):
raise NetlinkError('error loading route dump')
return []
async def route_loads(self, data, fmt='iproute2'):
'''Load routes from a `bytes` object.
Like `.route_load()`, but accepts `bytes` instead of an file file.
'''
fd = io.BytesIO()
fd.write(data)
fd.seek(0)
return await self.route_load(fd, fmt)
# 8<---------------------------------------------------------------
#
# Listing methods
#
async def get_qdiscs(self, index=None):
'''
Get all queue disciplines for all interfaces or for
the selected one.
A compatibility method, == .tc("dump")
'''
return await self.tc('dump', index=index)
async def get_filters(self, index=0, handle=0, parent=0):
'''
Get filters for specified interface, handle and parent.
'''
msg = tcmsg()
msg['family'] = AF_UNSPEC
msg['index'] = index
msg['handle'] = transform_handle(handle)
msg['parent'] = transform_handle(parent)
request = NetlinkRequest(self, msg, msg_type=RTM_GETTFILTER)
await request.send()
return request.response()
async def get_classes(self, index=0):
'''
Get classes for specified interface.
'''
msg = tcmsg()
msg['family'] = AF_UNSPEC
msg['index'] = index
request = NetlinkRequest(self, msg, msg_type=RTM_GETTCLASS)
await request.send()
return request.response()
async def get_vlans(self, **kwarg):
'''
Dump available vlan info on bridge ports
'''
# IFLA_EXT_MASK, extended info mask
#
# include/uapi/linux/rtnetlink.h
# 1 << 0 => RTEXT_FILTER_VF
# 1 << 1 => RTEXT_FILTER_BRVLAN
# 1 << 2 => RTEXT_FILTER_BRVLAN_COMPRESSED
# 1 << 3 => RTEXT_FILTER_SKIP_STATS
#
# maybe place it as mapping into ifinfomsg.py?
#
return await self.link(
'dump', family=AF_BRIDGE, ext_mask=2, match=kwarg
)
async def get_links(self, *argv, **kwarg):
'''
Get network interfaces.
By default returns all interfaces. Arguments vector
can contain interface indices or a special keyword
'all'::
ip.get_links()
ip.get_links('all')
ip.get_links(1, 2, 3)
interfaces = [1, 2, 3]
ip.get_links(*interfaces)
'''
links = argv or [0]
if links[0] == 'all': # compat syntax
links = [0]
if links[0] == 0:
return await self.link('dump', **kwarg)
async def dump():
for index in links:
for link in await self.link('get', index=index, **kwarg):
yield link
return dump()
async def get_neighbours(self, family=AF_UNSPEC, match=None, **kwarg):
'''
Dump ARP cache records.
The `family` keyword sets the family for the request:
e.g. `AF_INET` or `AF_INET6` for arp cache, `AF_BRIDGE`
for fdb.
If other keyword arguments not empty, they are used as
filter. Also, one can explicitly set filter as a function
with the `match` parameter.
Examples::
# get neighbours on the 3rd link:
ip.get_neighbours(ifindex=3)
# get a particular record by dst:
ip.get_neighbours(dst='172.16.0.1')
# get fdb records:
ip.get_neighbours(AF_BRIDGE)
# and filter them by a function:
ip.get_neighbours(AF_BRIDGE, match=lambda x: x['state'] == 2)
'''
return await self.neigh('dump', family=family, match=match or kwarg)
async def get_ntables(self, family=AF_UNSPEC):
'''
Get neighbour tables
'''
msg = ndtmsg()
msg['family'] = family
request = NetlinkRequest(self, msg, msg_type=RTM_GETNEIGHTBL)
await request.send()
return request.response()
async def get_addr(self, family=AF_UNSPEC, match=None, **kwarg):
'''
Dump addresses.
If family is not specified, both AF_INET and AF_INET6 addresses
will be dumped::
# get all addresses
ip.get_addr()
It is possible to apply filters on the results::
# get addresses for the 2nd interface
ip.get_addr(index=2)
# get addresses with IFA_LABEL == 'eth0'
ip.get_addr(label='eth0')
# get all the subnet addresses on the interface, identified
# by broadcast address (should be explicitly specified upon
# creation)
ip.get_addr(index=2, broadcast='192.168.1.255')
A custom predicate can be used as a filter::
ip.get_addr(match=lambda x: x['index'] == 1)
'''
return await self.addr('dump', family=family, match=match or kwarg)
async def get_rules(self, family=AF_UNSPEC, match=None, **kwarg):
'''
Get all rules. By default return all rules. To explicitly
request the IPv4 rules use `family=AF_INET`.
Example::
ip.get_rules() # get all the rules for all families
ip.get_rules(family=AF_INET6) # get only IPv6 rules
'''
return await self.rule('dump', family=family, match=match or kwarg)
async def get_routes(self, family=255, match=None, **kwarg):
'''
Get all routes. You can specify the table. There
are up to 4294967295 routing classes (tables), and the kernel
returns all the routes on each request. So the
routine filters routes from full output. Note the number of
tables is increased from 255 in Linux 2.6+.
Example::
ip.get_routes() # get all the routes for all families
ip.get_routes(family=AF_INET6) # get only IPv6 routes
ip.get_routes(table=254) # get routes from 254 table
The default family=255 is a hack. Despite the specs,
the kernel returns only IPv4 routes for AF_UNSPEC family.
But it returns all the routes for all the families if one
uses an invalid value here. Hack but true. And let's hope
the kernel team will not fix this bug.
'''
# get a particular route?
async def dump(dst):
for route in await self.route('get', dst=dst):
yield route
if isinstance(kwarg.get('dst'), str):
return dump(kwarg['dst'])
else:
return await self.route(
'dump', family=family, match=match or kwarg
)
# 8<---------------------------------------------------------------
# 8<---------------------------------------------------------------
@staticmethod
def open_file(path):
'''Open a file (read only) and return its (fd, inode).'''
fd = os.open(path, os.O_RDONLY)
inode = os.fstat(fd).st_ino
return (fd, inode)
@staticmethod
def close_file(fd):
'''Close a file that was previously opened with open_file().'''
os.close(fd)
@staticmethod
def get_pid():
'''Return the PID of the current process.'''
return os.getpid()
def register_link_kind(self, path=None, pkg=None, module=None):
return ifinfmsg.ifinfo.register_link_kind(path, pkg, module)
def unregister_link_kind(self, kind):
return ifinfmsg.ifinfo.unregister_link_kind(kind)
def list_link_kind(self):
return ifinfmsg.ifinfo.list_link_kind()
#
# List NetNS info
#
async def _dump_one_ns(self, path, registry):
item = nsinfmsg()
item['netnsid'] = 0xFFFFFFFF # default netnsid "unknown"
nsfd = 0
info = nsidmsg()
msg = nsidmsg()
try:
(nsfd, inode) = self.open_file(path)
item['inode'] = inode
#
# if the inode is registered, skip it
#
if item['inode'] in registry:
raise SkipInode()
registry.add(item['inode'])
#
# request NETNSA_NSID
#
# may not work on older kernels ( <4.20 ?)
#
msg['attrs'] = [('NETNSA_FD', nsfd)]
request = NetlinkRequest(
self, msg, msg_type=RTM_GETNSID, msg_flags=NLM_F_REQUEST
)
await request.send()
try:
async for info in request.response():
# response to nlm_request() is a list or a generator,
# that's why loop
item['netnsid'] = info.get_attr('NETNSA_NSID')
break
except Exception:
pass
item['attrs'] = [('NSINFO_PATH', path)]
except OSError as e:
raise SkipInode(e.errno)
finally:
if nsfd > 0:
self.close_file(nsfd)
item['header']['type'] = RTM_NEWNETNS
item['header']['target'] = self.target
item['event'] = 'RTM_NEWNETNS'
return item
async def _dump_dir(self, path, registry):
for name in os.listdir(path):
# strictly speaking, there is no need to use os.sep,
# since the code is not portable outside of Linux
nspath = '%s%s%s' % (path, os.sep, name)
try:
yield await self._dump_one_ns(nspath, registry)
except SkipInode:
pass
async def _dump_proc(self, registry):
for name in os.listdir('/proc'):
try:
int(name)
except ValueError:
continue
try:
yield await self._dump_one_ns(
'/proc/%s/ns/net' % name, registry
)
except SkipInode:
pass
async def get_netnsid(
self, nsid=None, pid=None, fd=None, target_nsid=None
):
'''Return a dict containing the result of a RTM_GETNSID query.
This loosely corresponds to the "ip netns list-id" command.
'''
msg = nsidmsg()
if nsid is not None:
msg['attrs'].append(('NETNSA_NSID', nsid))
if pid is not None:
msg['attrs'].append(('NETNSA_PID', pid))
if fd is not None:
msg['attrs'].append(('NETNSA_FD', fd))
if target_nsid is not None:
msg['attrs'].append(('NETNSA_TARGET_NSID', target_nsid))
request = NetlinkRequest(
self, msg, msg_type=RTM_GETNSID, msg_flags=NLM_F_REQUEST
)
await request.send()
async for r in request.response():
return {
'nsid': r.get_attr('NETNSA_NSID'),
'current_nsid': r.get_attr('NETNSA_CURRENT_NSID'),
}
return None
async def get_netns_info(self, list_proc=False):
'''
A prototype method to list available netns and associated
interfaces. A bit weird to have it here and not under
`pyroute2.netns`, but it uses RTNL to get all the info.
'''
#
# register all the ns inodes, not to repeat items in the output
#
registry = set()
#
# fetch veth peers
#
peers = {}
async for peer in await self.link('dump'):
netnsid = peer.get_attr('IFLA_LINK_NETNSID')
if netnsid is not None:
if netnsid not in peers:
peers[netnsid] = []
peers[netnsid].append(peer.get_attr('IFLA_IFNAME'))
#
# chain iterators:
#
# * one iterator for every item in self.path
# * one iterator for /proc/<pid>/ns/net
#
views = []
for path in self.status['netns_path']:
views.append(self._dump_dir(path, registry))
if list_proc:
views.append(self._dump_proc(registry))
#
# iterate all the items
#
async def ret():
for view in views:
try:
async for item in view:
#
# remove uninitialized 'value' field
#
del item['value']
#
# fetch peers for that ns
#
for peer in peers.get(item['netnsid'], []):
item['attrs'].append(('NSINFO_PEER', peer))
yield item
except OSError:
pass
return ret()
def set_netnsid(self, nsid=None, pid=None, fd=None):
'''Assigns an id to a peer netns using RTM_NEWNSID query.
The kernel chooses an unique id if nsid is omitted.
This corresponds to the "ip netns set" command.
'''
msg = nsidmsg()
if nsid is None or nsid < 0:
# kernel auto select
msg['attrs'].append(('NETNSA_NSID', 4294967295))
else:
msg['attrs'].append(('NETNSA_NSID', nsid))
if pid is not None:
msg['attrs'].append(('NETNSA_PID', pid))
if fd is not None:
msg['attrs'].append(('NETNSA_FD', fd))
return self.nlm_request(msg, RTM_NEWNSID, NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK)
# 8<---------------------------------------------------------------
# 8<---------------------------------------------------------------
#
# Shortcuts
#
async def get_default_routes(self, family=AF_UNSPEC, table=DEFAULT_TABLE):
'''
Get default routes
'''
msg = rtmsg()
msg['family'] = family
dump_filter, _ = get_dump_filter(
'route', 'dump', {'table': table} if table is not None else {}
)
request = NetlinkRequest(
self,
msg,
msg_type=RTM_GETROUTE,
msg_flags=NLM_F_DUMP | NLM_F_REQUEST,
parser=default_routes,
)
await request.send()
return request.response()
async def link_lookup(self, match=None, **kwarg):
'''
Lookup interface index (indeces) by first level NLA
value.
Example::
ip.link_lookup(address="52:54:00:9d:4e:3d")
ip.link_lookup(ifname="lo")
ip.link_lookup(operstate="UP")
Please note, that link_lookup() returns list, not one
value.
'''
if kwarg and set(kwarg) < {'index', 'ifname', 'altname'}:
# shortcut for index and ifname
try:
for link in await self.link('get', **kwarg):
return [link['index']]
except (NetlinkError, KeyError):
return []
else:
# otherwise fallback to the userspace filter
return [
link['index']
async for link in await self.get_links(match=match or kwarg)
]
# 8<---------------------------------------------------------------
# 8<---------------------------------------------------------------
#
# Shortcuts to flush RTNL objects
#
async def flush_routes(self, *argv, **kwarg):
'''
Flush routes -- purge route records from a table.
Arguments are the same as for `get_routes()`
routine. Actually, this routine implements a pipe from
`get_routes()` to `nlm_request()`.
'''
ret = []
async for route in await self.get_routes(*argv, **kwarg):
request = NetlinkRequest(
self,
route,
msg_type=RTM_DELROUTE,
msg_flags=NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK,
)
await request.send()
ret.extend([y async for y in request.response()])
return ret
async def flush_addr(self, *argv, **kwarg):
'''
Flush IP addresses.
Examples::
# flush all addresses on the interface with index 2:
ipr.flush_addr(index=2)
# flush all addresses with IFA_LABEL='eth0':
ipr.flush_addr(label='eth0')
'''
ret = []
work = []
async for addr in await self.get_addr(*argv, **kwarg):
work.append(
{
'index': addr.get('index'),
'address': addr.get('address'),
'prefixlen': addr.get('prefixlen'),
}
)
for addr in work:
try:
ret.extend(await self.addr('del', **addr))
except NetlinkError:
if not ret:
raise
return ret
async def flush_rules(self, *argv, **kwarg):
'''
Flush rules. Please keep in mind, that by default the function
operates on **all** rules of **all** families. To work only on
IPv4 rules, one should explicitly specify `family=AF_INET`.
Examples::
# flush all IPv4 rule with priorities above 5 and below 32000
ipr.flush_rules(family=AF_INET, priority=lambda x: 5 < x < 32000)
# flush all IPv6 rules that point to table 250:
ipr.flush_rules(family=socket.AF_INET6, table=250)
'''
ret = []
for rule in tuple([x async for x in await self.rule('dump', **kwarg)]):
request = NetlinkRequest(
self,
rule,
msg_type=RTM_DELRULE,
msg_flags=NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK,
)
await request.send()
ret.extend([y async for y in request.response()])
return ret
# 8<---------------------------------------------------------------
# 8<---------------------------------------------------------------
#
# Extensions to low-level functions
#
async def brport(self, command, **kwarg):
'''
Set bridge port parameters. Example::
idx = ip.link_lookup(ifname='eth0')
ip.brport("set", index=idx, unicast_flood=0, cost=200)
ip.brport("show", index=idx)
Possible keywords are NLA names for the `protinfo_bridge` class,
without the prefix and in lower letters.
'''
# forward the set command to link()
if command == 'set':
linkkwarg = dict()
linkkwarg['index'] = kwarg.pop('index', 0)
linkkwarg['kind'] = 'bridge_slave'
for key in kwarg:
linkkwarg[key] = kwarg[key]
return await self.link(command, **linkkwarg)
command_map = {
'dump': (RTM_GETLINK, 'dump'),
'show': (RTM_GETLINK, 'dump'),
}
if command not in command_map:
raise TypeError('command not supported')
dump_filter, kwarg = get_dump_filter('brport', command, kwarg)
arguments = get_arguments_processor('brport', command, kwarg)
request = NetlinkRequest(
self, ifinfmsg(), command, command_map, dump_filter, arguments
)
await request.send()
return request.response()
async def vlan_filter(self, command, **kwarg):
'''
Vlan filters is another approach to support vlans in Linux.
Before vlan filters were introduced, there was only one way
to bridge vlans: one had to create vlan interfaces and
then add them as ports:
.. aafig::
+------+ +----------+
net --> | eth0 | <--> | eth0.500 | <---+
+------+ +----------+ |
v
+------+ +-----+
net --> | eth1 | | br0 |
+------+ +-----+
^
+------+ +----------+ |
net --> | eth2 | <--> | eth2.500 | <---+
+------+ +----------+
It means that one has to create as many bridges, as there were
vlans. Vlan filters allow to bridge together underlying interfaces
and create vlans already on the bridge:
.. aafig::
# v500 label shows which interfaces have vlan filter
+------+ v500
net --> | eth0 | <-------+
+------+ |
v
+------+ +-----+ +---------+
net --> | eth1 | <--> | br0 |<-->| br0v500 |
+------+ +-----+ +---------+
^
+------+ v500 |
net --> | eth2 | <-------+
+------+
In this example vlan 500 will be allowed only on ports `eth0` and
`eth2`, though all three eth nics are bridged.
Some example code::
# create bridge
ip.link("add",
ifname="br0",
kind="bridge")
# attach a port
ip.link("set",
index=ip.link_lookup(ifname="eth0")[0],
master=ip.link_lookup(ifname="br0")[0])
# set vlan filter
ip.vlan_filter("add",
index=ip.link_lookup(ifname="eth0")[0],
vlan_info={"vid": 500})
# create vlan interface on the bridge
ip.link("add",
ifname="br0v500",
kind="vlan",
link=ip.link_lookup(ifname="br0")[0],
vlan_id=500)
# set all UP
ip.link("set",
index=ip.link_lookup(ifname="br0")[0],
state="up")
ip.link("set",
index=ip.link_lookup(ifname="br0v500")[0],
state="up")
ip.link("set",
index=ip.link_lookup(ifname="eth0")[0],
state="up")
# set IP address
ip.addr("add",
index=ip.link_lookup(ifname="br0v500")[0],
address="172.16.5.2",
mask=24)
Now all the traffic to the network 172.16.5.2/24 will go
to vlan 500 only via ports that have such vlan filter.
Required arguments for `vlan_filter()`: `index` and `vlan_info`.
Vlan info dict::
ip.vlan_filter('add',
index=<ifindex>,
vlan_info =
{'vid': <single or range>,
'pvid': <bool>,
'flags': int or list}
More details:
* kernel:Documentation/networking/switchdev.txt
* pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.ifinfmsg:... vlan_info
Setting PVID or specifying a range will specify the approprate flags.
One can specify `flags` as int or as a list of flag names:
* `master` == 0x1
* `pvid` == 0x2
* `untagged` == 0x4
* `range_begin` == 0x8
* `range_end` == 0x10
* `brentry` == 0x20
E.g.::
{'vid': 20, 'pvid': true }
# is equal to
{'vid': 20, 'flags': ['pvid', 'untagged']}
# is equal to
{'vid': 20, 'flags': 6}
# range
{'vid': '100-199'}
Required arguments for `vlan_filter()`: `index` and `vlan_tunnel_info`.
Vlan tunnel info dict::
ip.vlan_filter('add',
index=<ifindex>,
vlan_tunnel_info =
{'vid': <single or range>,
'id': <single or range>}
vlan_tunnel_info appears to only use the 'range_begin' and 'range_end'
flags from vlan_info. Specifying a range will automatically send the
needed flags.
Example::
{'vid': 20, 'id: 20}
{'vid': '200-299', 'id': '200-299'}
The above directives can be combined as in the example::
ip.vlan_filter('add',
index=7,
vlan_info={'vid': 600},
vlan_tunnel_info={'vid': 600, 'id': 600})
Commands:
**add**
Add vlan filter to a bridge port. Example::
ip.vlan_filter("add", index=2, vlan_info={"vid": 200})
**del**
Remove vlan filter from a bridge port. Example::
ip.vlan_filter("del", index=2, vlan_info={"vid": 200})
'''
command_map = {
'add': (RTM_SETLINK, 'req'),
'del': (RTM_DELLINK, 'req'),
}
kwarg['family'] = AF_BRIDGE
kwarg['command_map'] = command_map
kwarg['dump_filter'] = None
kwarg['request_filter'] = get_arguments_processor(
'vlan_filter', command, kwarg
)
return await self.link(command, **kwarg)
async def fdb(self, command, **kwarg):
'''
Bridge forwarding database management.
More details:
* kernel:Documentation/networking/switchdev.txt
* pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.ndmsg
**add**
Add a new FDB record. Works in the same way as ARP cache
management, but some additional NLAs can be used::
# simple FDB record
#
ip.fdb('add',
ifindex=ip.link_lookup(ifname='br0')[0],
lladdr='00:11:22:33:44:55',
dst='10.0.0.1')
# specify vlan
# NB: vlan should exist on the device, use
# `vlan_filter()`
#
ip.fdb('add',
ifindex=ip.link_lookup(ifname='br0')[0],
lladdr='00:11:22:33:44:55',
dst='10.0.0.1',
vlan=200)
# specify vxlan id and port
# NB: works only for vxlan devices, use
# `link("add", kind="vxlan", ...)`
#
# if port is not specified, the default one is used
# by the kernel.
#
# if vni (vxlan id) is equal to the device vni,
# the kernel doesn't report it back
#
ip.fdb('add',
ifindex=ip.link_lookup(ifname='vx500')[0]
lladdr='00:11:22:33:44:55',
dst='10.0.0.1',
port=5678,
vni=600)
# or specify src_vni for a vlan-aware vxlan device
ip.fdb('add',
ifindex=ip.link_lookup(ifname='vx500')[0]
lladdr='00:11:22:33:44:55',
dst='10.0.0.1',
port=5678,
src_vni=600)
**append**
Append a new FDB record. The same syntax as for **add**.
**del**
Remove an existing FDB record. The same syntax as for **add**.
**dump**
Dump all the FDB records. If any `**kwarg` is provided,
results will be filtered::
# dump all the records
ip.fdb('dump')
# show only specific lladdr, dst, vlan etc.
ip.fdb('dump', lladdr='00:11:22:33:44:55')
ip.fdb('dump', dst='10.0.0.1')
ip.fdb('dump', vlan=200)
'''
kwarg['family'] = AF_BRIDGE
# nud -> state
if 'nud' in kwarg:
kwarg['state'] = kwarg.pop('nud')
if (command in ('add', 'del', 'append')) and not (
kwarg.get('state', 0) & ndmsg.states['noarp']
):
# state must contain noarp in add / del / append
kwarg['state'] = kwarg.pop('state', 0) | ndmsg.states['noarp']
# other assumptions
if not kwarg.get('state', 0) & (
ndmsg.states['permanent'] | ndmsg.states['reachable']
):
# permanent (default) or reachable
kwarg['state'] |= ndmsg.states['permanent']
if not kwarg.get('flags', 0) & (
ndmsg.flags['self'] | ndmsg.flags['master']
):
# self (default) or master
kwarg['flags'] = kwarg.get('flags', 0) | ndmsg.flags['self']
#
return await self.neigh(command, **kwarg)
# 8<---------------------------------------------------------------
#
# General low-level configuration methods
#
async def neigh(self, command, **kwarg):
'''
Neighbours operations, same as `ip neigh` or `bridge fdb`
**add**
Add a neighbour record, e.g.::
from pyroute2 import IPRoute
from pyroute2.netlink.rtnl import ndmsg
# add a permanent record on veth0
idx = ip.link_lookup(ifname='veth0')[0]
ip.neigh('add',
dst='172.16.45.1',
lladdr='00:11:22:33:44:55',
ifindex=idx,
state=ndmsg.states['permanent'])
**set**
Set an existing record or create a new one, if it doesn't exist.
The same as above, but the command is "set"::
ip.neigh('set',
dst='172.16.45.1',
lladdr='00:11:22:33:44:55',
ifindex=idx,
state=ndmsg.states['permanent'])
**change**
Change an existing record. If the record doesn't exist, fail.
**del**
Delete an existing record.
**dump**
Dump all the records in the NDB::
ip.neigh('dump')
**get**
Get specific record (dst and ifindex are mandatory). Available
only on recent kernel::
ip.neigh('get',
dst='172.16.45.1',
ifindex=idx)
'''
command_map = {
'add': (RTM_NEWNEIGH, 'create'),
'set': (RTM_NEWNEIGH, 'replace'),
'replace': (RTM_NEWNEIGH, 'replace'),
'change': (RTM_NEWNEIGH, 'change'),
'del': (RTM_DELNEIGH, 'req'),
'remove': (RTM_DELNEIGH, 'req'),
'delete': (RTM_DELNEIGH, 'req'),
'dump': (RTM_GETNEIGH, 'dump'),
'get': (RTM_GETNEIGH, 'get'),
'append': (RTM_NEWNEIGH, 'append'),
}
if isinstance(kwarg.get('match'), str):
kwarg['match'] = {'ifname': kwarg['match']}
dump_filter, kwarg = get_dump_filter('neigh', command, kwarg)
arguments = get_arguments_processor('neigh', command, kwarg)
request = NetlinkRequest(
self, ndmsg.ndmsg(), command, command_map, dump_filter, arguments
)
await request.send()
if command == 'dump':
return request.response()
return [x async for x in request.response()]
async def link(self, command, **kwarg):
'''
Link operations.
Keywords to set up ifinfmsg fields:
* index -- interface index
* family -- AF_BRIDGE for bridge operations, otherwise 0
* flags -- device flags
* change -- change mask
All other keywords will be translated to NLA names, e.g.
`mtu -> IFLA_MTU`, `af_spec -> IFLA_AF_SPEC` etc. You can
provide a complete NLA structure or let filters do it for
you. E.g., these pairs show equal statements::
# set device MTU
ip.link("set", index=x, mtu=1000)
ip.link("set", index=x, IFLA_MTU=1000)
# add vlan device
ip.link("add", ifname="test", kind="dummy")
ip.link("add", ifname="test",
IFLA_LINKINFO={'attrs': [['IFLA_INFO_KIND', 'dummy']]})
Filters are implemented in the `pyroute2.iproute.req` module.
You can contribute your own if you miss shortcuts.
Commands:
**add**
To create an interface, one should specify the interface kind::
ip.link("add",
ifname="test",
kind="dummy")
The kind can be any of those supported by kernel. It can be
`dummy`, `bridge`, `bond` etc. On modern kernels one can specify
even interface index::
ip.link("add",
ifname="br-test",
kind="bridge",
index=2345)
Specific type notes:
► geneve
Create GENEVE tunnel::
ip.link("add",
ifname="genx",
kind="geneve",
geneve_id=42,
geneve_remote="172.16.0.101")
Support for GENEVE over IPv6 is also included; use `geneve_remote6`
to configure a remote IPv6 address.
► gre
Create GRE tunnel::
ip.link("add",
ifname="grex",
kind="gre",
gre_local="172.16.0.1",
gre_remote="172.16.0.101",
gre_ttl=16)
The keyed GRE requires explicit iflags/oflags specification::
ip.link("add",
ifname="grex",
kind="gre",
gre_local="172.16.0.1",
gre_remote="172.16.0.101",
gre_ttl=16,
gre_ikey=10,
gre_okey=10,
gre_iflags=32,
gre_oflags=32)
Support for GRE over IPv6 is also included; use `kind=ip6gre` and
`ip6gre_` as the prefix for its values.
► ipip
Create ipip tunnel::
ip.link("add",
ifname="tun1",
kind="ipip",
ipip_local="172.16.0.1",
ipip_remote="172.16.0.101",
ipip_ttl=16)
Support for sit and ip6tnl is also included; use `kind=sit` and `sit_`
as prefix for sit tunnels, and `kind=ip6tnl` and `ip6tnl_` prefix for
ip6tnl tunnels.
► macvlan
Macvlan interfaces act like VLANs within OS. The macvlan driver
provides an ability to add several MAC addresses on one interface,
where every MAC address is reflected with a virtual interface in
the system.
In some setups macvlan interfaces can replace bridge interfaces,
providing more simple and at the same time high-performance
solution::
ip.link("add",
ifname="mvlan0",
kind="macvlan",
link=ip.link_lookup(ifname="em1")[0],
macvlan_mode="private").commit()
Several macvlan modes are available: "private", "vepa", "bridge",
"passthru". Ususally the default is "vepa".
► macvtap
Almost the same as macvlan, but creates also a character tap device::
ip.link("add",
ifname="mvtap0",
kind="macvtap",
link=ip.link_lookup(ifname="em1")[0],
macvtap_mode="vepa").commit()
Will create a device file `"/dev/tap%s" % index`
► tuntap
Possible `tuntap` keywords:
* `mode` — "tun" or "tap"
* `uid` — integer
* `gid` — integer
* `ifr` — dict of tuntap flags (see ifinfmsg:... tuntap_data)
Create a tap interface::
ip.link("add",
ifname="tap0",
kind="tuntap",
mode="tap")
Tun/tap interfaces are created using `ioctl()`, but the library
provides a transparent way to manage them using netlink API.
► veth
To properly create `veth` interface, one should specify
`peer` also, since `veth` interfaces are created in pairs::
# simple call
ip.link("add", ifname="v1p0", kind="veth", peer="v1p1")
# set up specific veth peer attributes
ip.link("add",
ifname="v1p0",
kind="veth",
peer={"ifname": "v1p1",
"net_ns_fd": "test_netns"})
► vlan
VLAN interfaces require additional parameters, `vlan_id` and
`link`, where `link` is a master interface to create VLAN on::
ip.link("add",
ifname="v100",
kind="vlan",
link=ip.link_lookup(ifname="eth0")[0],
vlan_id=100)
There is a possibility to create also 802.1ad interfaces::
# create external vlan 802.1ad, s-tag
ip.link("add",
ifname="v100s",
kind="vlan",
link=ip.link_lookup(ifname="eth0")[0],
vlan_id=100,
vlan_protocol=0x88a8)
# create internal vlan 802.1q, c-tag
ip.link("add",
ifname="v200c",
kind="vlan",
link=ip.link_lookup(ifname="v100s")[0],
vlan_id=200,
vlan_protocol=0x8100)
► vrf
VRF interfaces (see linux/Documentation/networking/vrf.txt)::
ip.link("add",
ifname="vrf-foo",
kind="vrf",
vrf_table=42)
► vxlan
VXLAN interfaces are like VLAN ones, but require a bit more
parameters::
ip.link("add",
ifname="vx101",
kind="vxlan",
vxlan_link=ip.link_lookup(ifname="eth0")[0],
vxlan_id=101,
vxlan_group='239.1.1.1',
vxlan_ttl=16)
All possible vxlan parameters are listed in the module
`pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.ifinfmsg:... vxlan_data`.
► ipoib
IPoIB driver provides an ability to create several ip interfaces
on one interface.
IPoIB interfaces requires the following parameter:
`link` : The master interface to create IPoIB on.
The following parameters can also be provided:
* `pkey`- Inifiniband partition key the ip interface is associated with
* `mode`- Underlying infiniband transport mode. One
of: ['datagram' ,'connected']
* `umcast`- If set(1), multicast group membership for this interface is
handled by user space.
Example::
ip.link("add",
ifname="ipoib1",
kind="ipoib",
link=ip.link_lookup(ifname="ib0")[0],
pkey=10)
**set**
Set interface attributes::
# get interface index
x = ip.link_lookup(ifname="eth0")[0]
# put link down
ip.link("set", index=x, state="down")
# rename and set MAC addr
ip.link("set", index=x, address="00:11:22:33:44:55", name="bala")
# set MTU and TX queue length
ip.link("set", index=x, mtu=1000, txqlen=2000)
# bring link up
ip.link("set", index=x, state="up")
Seting bridge or tunnel attributes require `kind` to be
specified in order to properly encode `IFLA_LINKINFO`::
ip.link("set",
index=x,
kind="bridge",
br_forward_delay=2000)
ip.link("set",
index=x,
kind="gre",
gre_local="10.0.0.1",
gre_remote="10.1.0.103")
Keyword "state" is reserved. State can be "up" or "down",
it is a shortcut::
state="up": flags=1, change=1
state="down": flags=0, change=1
SR-IOV virtual function setup::
# get PF index
x = ip.link_lookup(ifname="eth0")[0]
# setup macaddr
ip.link("set",
index=x, # PF index
vf={"vf": 0, # VF index
"mac": "00:11:22:33:44:55"}) # address
# setup vlan
ip.link("set",
index=x, # PF index
vf={"vf": 0, # VF index
"vlan": 100}) # the simplest case
# setup QinQ
ip.link("set",
index=x, # PF index
vf={"vf": 0, # VF index
"vlan": [{"vlan": 100, # vlan id
"proto": 0x88a8}, # 802.1ad
{"vlan": 200, # vlan id
"proto": 0x8100}]}) # 802.1q
**update**
Almost the same as `set`, except it uses different flags
and message type. Mostly does the same, but in some cases
differs. If you're not sure what to use, use `set`.
**del**
Destroy the interface::
ip.link("del", index=ip.link_lookup(ifname="dummy0")[0])
**dump**
Dump info for all interfaces
**get**
Get specific interface info::
ip.link("get", index=ip.link_lookup(ifname="br0")[0])
Get extended attributes like SR-IOV setup::
ip.link("get", index=3, ext_mask=1)
'''
command_map = {
'set': (RTM_NEWLINK, 'req'),
'update': (RTM_SETLINK, 'create'),
'add': (RTM_NEWLINK, 'create'),
'del': (RTM_DELLINK, 'req'),
'property_add': (RTM_NEWLINKPROP, 'append'),
'property_del': (RTM_DELLINKPROP, 'req'),
'remove': (RTM_DELLINK, 'req'),
'delete': (RTM_DELLINK, 'req'),
'dump': (RTM_GETLINK, 'dump'),
'get': (RTM_GETLINK, 'get'),
}
if isinstance(kwarg.get('match'), str):
kwarg['match'] = {'ifname': kwarg['match']}
if 'command_map' in kwarg:
command_map = kwarg.pop('command_map')
dump_filter, kwarg = get_dump_filter('link', command, kwarg)
arguments = get_arguments_processor('link', command, kwarg)
request = NetlinkRequest(
self, ifinfmsg(), command, command_map, dump_filter, arguments
)
await request.send()
if command == 'dump':
return request.response()
return [x async for x in request.response()]
async def addr(self, command, **kwarg):
'''
Address operations
* command -- add, delete, replace, dump
* index -- device index
* address -- IPv4 or IPv6 address
* mask -- address mask
* family -- socket.AF_INET for IPv4 or socket.AF_INET6 for IPv6
* scope -- the address scope, see /etc/iproute2/rt_scopes
* kwarg -- dictionary, any ifaddrmsg field or NLA
Later the method signature will be changed to::
def addr(self, command, match=None, **kwarg):
# the method body
So only keyword arguments (except of the command) will be accepted.
The reason for this change is an unification of API.
Example::
idx = 62
ip.addr('add', index=idx, address='10.0.0.1', mask=24)
ip.addr('add', index=idx, address='10.0.0.2', mask=24)
With more NLAs::
# explicitly set broadcast address
ip.addr('add', index=idx,
address='10.0.0.3',
broadcast='10.0.0.255',
prefixlen=24)
# make the secondary address visible to ifconfig: add label
ip.addr('add', index=idx,
address='10.0.0.4',
broadcast='10.0.0.255',
prefixlen=24,
label='eth0:1')
Configure p2p address on an interface::
ip.addr('add', index=idx,
address='10.1.1.2',
mask=24,
local='10.1.1.1')
'''
if command in ('get', 'set'):
return
if 'mask' in kwarg:
warnings.warn(
'usage of mask is deprecated, use prefixlen instead',
DeprecationWarning,
)
command_map = {
'add': (RTM_NEWADDR, 'create'),
'del': (RTM_DELADDR, 'req'),
'remove': (RTM_DELADDR, 'req'),
'delete': (RTM_DELADDR, 'req'),
'replace': (RTM_NEWADDR, 'replace'),
'dump': (RTM_GETADDR, 'dump'),
}
# quirks in the filter: flags are supplied as NLA, not as a field
dump_filter, kwarg = get_dump_filter('addr', command, kwarg)
arguments = get_arguments_processor('addr', command, kwarg)
request = NetlinkRequest(
self,
ifaddrmsg(),
command,
command_map,
dump_filter,
arguments,
terminate=lambda x: x['header']['type'] == NLMSG_ERROR,
)
await request.send()
if command == 'dump':
return request.response()
return [x async for x in request.response()]
async def tc(self, command, kind=None, index=None, handle=None, **kwarg):
'''
"Swiss knife" for traffic control. With the method you can
dump, add, delete or modify qdiscs, classes and filters.
* command -- add or delete qdisc, class, filter.
* kind -- a string identifier -- "sfq", "htb", "u32" and so on.
* handle -- integer or string
Command can be one of ("add", "del", "add-class", "del-class",
"add-filter", "del-filter") (see `commands` dict in the code).
Handle notice: traditional iproute2 notation, like "1:0", actually
represents two parts in one four-bytes integer::
1:0 -> 0x10000
1:1 -> 0x10001
ff:0 -> 0xff0000
ffff:1 -> 0xffff0001
Target notice: if your target is a class/qdisc that applies an
algorithm that can only apply to upstream traffic profile, but your
keys variable explicitly references a match that is only relevant for
upstream traffic, the kernel will reject the filter. Unless you're
dealing with devices like IMQs
For pyroute2 tc() you can use both forms: integer like 0xffff0000
or string like 'ffff:0000'. By default, handle is 0, so you can add
simple classless queues w/o need to specify handle. Ingress queue
causes handle to be 0xffff0000.
So, to set up sfq queue on interface 1, the function call
will be like that::
ip = IPRoute()
ip.tc("add", "sfq", 1)
Instead of string commands ("add", "del"...), you can use also
module constants, `RTM_NEWQDISC`, `RTM_DELQDISC` and so on::
ip = IPRoute()
flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK | NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_EXCL
ip.tc((RTM_NEWQDISC, flags), "sfq", 1)
It should be noted that "change", "change-class" and
"change-filter" work like "replace", "replace-class" and
"replace-filter", except they will fail if the node doesn't
exist (while it would have been created by "replace"). This is
not the same behaviour as with "tc" where "change" can be used
to modify the value of some options while leaving the others
unchanged. However, as not all entities support this
operation, we believe the "change" commands as implemented
here are more useful.
Also available "modules" (returns tc plugins dict) and "help"
commands::
help(ip.tc("modules")["htb"])
print(ip.tc("help", "htb"))
'''
if command == 'set':
return
if command == 'modules':
return tc_plugins
if command == 'help':
p = tc_plugins.get(kind)
if p is not None and hasattr(p, '__doc__'):
return p.__doc__
else:
return 'No help available'
command_map = {
'dump': (RTM_GETQDISC, 'dump'),
'get': (RTM_GETQDISC, 'req'),
'add': (RTM_NEWQDISC, 'create'),
'del': (RTM_DELQDISC, 'req'),
'remove': (RTM_DELQDISC, 'req'),
'delete': (RTM_DELQDISC, 'req'),
'change': (RTM_NEWQDISC, 'change'),
'replace': (RTM_NEWQDISC, 'replace'),
'dump-class': (RTM_GETTCLASS, 'dump'),
'get-class': (RTM_GETTCLASS, 'dump'),
'add-class': (RTM_NEWTCLASS, 'create'),
'del-class': (RTM_DELTCLASS, 'req'),
'change-class': (RTM_NEWTCLASS, 'change'),
'replace-class': (RTM_NEWTCLASS, 'replace'),
'dump-filter': (RTM_GETTFILTER, 'dump'),
'get-filter': (RTM_GETTFILTER, 'dump'),
'add-filter': (RTM_NEWTFILTER, 'create'),
'del-filter': (RTM_DELTFILTER, 'req'),
'change-filter': (RTM_NEWTFILTER, 'change'),
'replace-filter': (RTM_NEWTFILTER, 'replace'),
}
if command[:3] in ('add', 'cha'):
if kind is None:
raise ValueError('must specify kind for add/change commands')
if kind is not None:
kwarg['kind'] = kind
# 8<-----------------------------------------------
# compatibility section, to be cleaned up?
if index is not None:
kwarg['index'] = index
if handle is not None:
kwarg['handle'] = handle
# 8<-----------------------------------------------
dump_filter, kwarg = get_dump_filter('tc', command, kwarg)
arguments = get_arguments_processor('tc', command, kwarg)
request = NetlinkRequest(
self, tcmsg(), command, command_map, dump_filter, arguments
)
await request.send()
if command.startswith('dump'):
return request.response()
return [x async for x in request.response()]
async def route(self, command, **kwarg):
'''
Route operations.
Keywords to set up rtmsg fields:
* dst_len, src_len -- destination and source mask(see `dst` below)
* tos -- type of service
* table -- routing table
* proto -- `redirect`, `boot`, `static` (see `rt_proto`)
* scope -- routing realm
* type -- `unicast`, `local`, etc. (see `rt_type`)
`pyroute2/netlink/rtnl/rtmsg.py` rtmsg.nla_map:
* table -- routing table to use (default: 254)
* gateway -- via address
* prefsrc -- preferred source IP address
* dst -- the same as `prefix`
* iif -- incoming traffic interface
* oif -- outgoing traffic interface
etc.
One can specify mask not as `dst_len`, but as a part of `dst`,
e.g.: `dst="10.0.0.0/24"`.
Commands:
**add**
Example::
ipr.route("add", dst="10.0.0.0/24", gateway="192.168.0.1")
...
More `route()` examples. Blackhole route::
ipr.route(
"add",
dst="10.0.0.0/24",
type="blackhole",
)
Create a route with metrics::
ipr.route(
"add",
dst="172.16.0.0/24",
gateway="10.0.0.10",
metrics={
"mtu": 1400,
"hoplimit": 16,
},
)
Multipath route::
ipr.route(
"add",
dst="10.0.0.0/24",
multipath=[
{"gateway": "192.168.0.1", "hops": 2},
{"gateway": "192.168.0.2", "hops": 1},
{"gateway": "192.168.0.3"},
],
)
MPLS lwtunnel on eth0::
ipr.route(
"add",
dst="10.0.0.0/24",
oif=ip.link_lookup(ifname="eth0"),
encap={
"type": "mpls",
"labels": "200/300",
},
)
IPv6 next hop for IPv4 dst::
ipr.route(
"add",
prefsrc="10.127.30.4",
dst="172.16.0.0/24",
via={"family": AF_INET6, "addr": "fe80::1337"},
oif=ipr.link_lookup(ifname="eth0"),
table=100,
)
Create MPLS route: push label::
# $ sudo modprobe mpls_router
# $ sudo sysctl net.mpls.platform_labels=1024
ipr.route(
"add",
family=AF_MPLS,
oif=ipr.link_lookup(ifname="eth0"),
dst=0x200,
newdst=[0x200, 0x300],
)
MPLS multipath::
ipr.route(
"add",
dst="10.0.0.0/24",
table=20,
multipath=[
{
"gateway": "192.168.0.1",
"encap": {"type": "mpls", "labels": 200},
},
{
"ifindex": ipr.link_lookup(ifname="eth0"),
"encap": {"type": "mpls", "labels": 300},
},
],
)
MPLS target can be int, string, dict or list::
"labels": 300 # simple label
"labels": "300" # the same
"labels": (200, 300) # stacked
"labels": "200/300" # the same
# explicit label definition
"labels": {
"bos": 1,
"label": 300,
"tc": 0,
"ttl": 16,
}
Create SEG6 tunnel encap mode (kernel >= 4.10)::
ipr.route(
"add",
dst="2001:0:0:10::2/128",
oif=idx,
encap={
"type": "seg6",
"mode": "encap",
"segs": "2000::5,2000::6",
},
)
Create SEG6 tunnel inline mode (kernel >= 4.10)::
ipr.route(
"add",
dst="2001:0:0:10::2/128",
oif=idx,
encap={
"type": "seg6",
"mode": "inline",
"segs": ["2000::5", "2000::6"],
},
)
Create SEG6 tunnel inline mode with hmac (kernel >= 4.10)::
ipr.route(
"add",
dst="2001:0:0:22::2/128",
oif=idx,
encap={
"type": "seg6",
"mode": "inline",
"segs": "2000::5,2000::6,2000::7,2000::8",
"hmac": 0xf,
},
)
Create SEG6 tunnel with ip4ip6 encapsulation (kernel >= 4.14)::
ipr.route(
"add",
dst="172.16.0.0/24",
oif=idx,
encap={
"type": "seg6",
"mode": "encap",
"segs": "2000::5,2000::6",
},
)
Create SEG6LOCAL tunnel End.DX4 action (kernel >= 4.14)::
ipr.route(
"add",
dst="2001:0:0:10::2/128",
oif=idx,
encap={
"type": "seg6local",
"action": "End.DX4",
"nh4": "172.16.0.10",
},
)
Create SEG6LOCAL tunnel End.DT6 action (kernel >= 4.14)::
ipr.route(
"add",
dst="2001:0:0:10::2/128",
oif=idx,
encap={
"type": "seg6local",
"action": "End.DT6",
"table": "10",
},
)
Create SEG6LOCAL tunnel End.DT4 action (kernel >= 5.11)::
# $ sudo modprobe vrf
# $ sudo sysctl -w net.vrf.strict_mode=1
ipr.link(
"add",
ifname="vrf-foo",
kind="vrf",
vrf_table=10,
)
ipr.route(
"add",
dst="2001:0:0:10::2/128",
oif=idx,
encap={
"type": "seg6local",
"action": "End.DT4",
"vrf_table": 10,
},
)
Create SEG6LOCAL tunnel End.DT46 action (kernel >= 5.14)::
# $ sudo modprobe vrf
# $ sudo sysctl -w net.vrf.strict_mode=1
ip.link('add',
ifname='vrf-foo',
kind='vrf',
vrf_table=10)
ip.route('add',
dst='2001:0:0:10::2/128',
oif=idx,
encap={'type': 'seg6local',
'action': 'End.DT46',
'vrf_table': 10})
Create SEG6LOCAL tunnel End.B6 action (kernel >= 4.14)::
ipr.route(
"add",
dst="2001:0:0:10::2/128",
oif=idx,
encap={
"type": "seg6local",
"action": "End.B6",
"srh": {"segs": "2000::5,2000::6"},
},
)
Create SEG6LOCAL tunnel End.B6 action with hmac (kernel >= 4.14)::
ipr.route(
"add",
dst="2001:0:0:10::2/128",
oif=idx,
encap={
"type": "seg6local",
"action": "End.B6",
"srh": {
"segs": "2000::5,2000::6",
"hmac": 0xf,
},
},
)
**change**, **replace**, **append**
Commands `change`, `replace` and `append` have the same meanings
as in ip-route(8): `change` modifies only existing route, while
`replace` creates a new one, if there is no such route yet.
`append` allows to create an IPv6 multipath route.
**del**
Remove the route. The same syntax as for **add**.
**get**
Get route by spec.
**dump**
Dump all routes.
'''
# transform kwarg
if command in ('add', 'set', 'replace', 'change', 'append'):
kwarg['proto'] = kwarg.get('proto', 'static') or 'static'
kwarg['type'] = kwarg.get('type', 'unicast') or 'unicast'
command_map = {
'add': (RTM_NEWROUTE, 'create'),
'set': (RTM_NEWROUTE, 'replace'),
'replace': (RTM_NEWROUTE, 'replace'),
'change': (RTM_NEWROUTE, 'change'),
'append': (RTM_NEWROUTE, 'append'),
'del': (RTM_DELROUTE, 'req'),
'remove': (RTM_DELROUTE, 'req'),
'delete': (RTM_DELROUTE, 'req'),
'get': (RTM_GETROUTE, 'get'),
'show': (RTM_GETROUTE, 'dump'),
'dump': (RTM_GETROUTE, 'dump'),
}
msg = rtmsg()
# table is mandatory without strict_check; by default == 254
# if table is not defined in kwarg, save it there
# also for nla_attr. Do not set it in strict_check, use
# NLA instead
#
# begin
# FIXME: move this block to the request processor
if not self.status['strict_check']:
table = kwarg.get('table', 254)
msg['table'] = table if table <= 255 else 252
# end
dump_filter, kwarg = get_dump_filter('route', command, kwarg)
arguments = get_arguments_processor(
'route',
command,
kwarg,
{'strict_check': self.status['strict_check']},
)
request = NetlinkRequest(
self, msg, command, command_map, dump_filter, arguments
)
await request.send()
if command in ('dump', 'show'):
return request.response()
return [x async for x in request.response()]
async def rule(self, command, **kwarg):
'''
Rule operations
- command — add, delete
- table — 0 < table id < 253
- priority — 0 < rule's priority < 32766
- action — type of rule, default 'FR_ACT_NOP' (see fibmsg.py)
- rtscope — routing scope, default RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE
`(RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE|RT_SCOPE_SITE|\
RT_SCOPE_LINK|RT_SCOPE_HOST|RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE)`
- family — rule's family (socket.AF_INET (default) or
socket.AF_INET6)
- src — IP source for Source Based (Policy Based) routing's rule
- dst — IP for Destination Based (Policy Based) routing's rule
- src_len — Mask for Source Based (Policy Based) routing's rule
- dst_len — Mask for Destination Based (Policy Based) routing's
rule
- iifname — Input interface for Interface Based (Policy Based)
routing's rule
- oifname — Output interface for Interface Based (Policy Based)
routing's rule
- uid_range — Range of user identifiers, a string like "1000:1234"
- dport_range — Range of destination ports, a string like "80-120"
- sport_range — Range of source ports, as a string like "80-120"
All packets route via table 10::
# 32000: from all lookup 10
# ...
ip.rule('add', table=10, priority=32000)
Default action::
# 32001: from all lookup 11 unreachable
# ...
iproute.rule('add',
table=11,
priority=32001,
action='FR_ACT_UNREACHABLE')
Use source address to choose a routing table::
# 32004: from 10.64.75.141 lookup 14
# ...
iproute.rule('add',
table=14,
priority=32004,
src='10.64.75.141')
Use dst address to choose a routing table::
# 32005: from 10.64.75.141/24 lookup 15
# ...
iproute.rule('add',
table=15,
priority=32005,
dst='10.64.75.141',
dst_len=24)
Match fwmark::
# 32006: from 10.64.75.141 fwmark 0xa lookup 15
# ...
iproute.rule('add',
table=15,
priority=32006,
dst='10.64.75.141',
fwmark=10)
'''
if command == 'set':
return []
command_map = {
'add': (RTM_NEWRULE, 'create'),
'del': (RTM_DELRULE, 'req'),
'remove': (RTM_DELRULE, 'req'),
'delete': (RTM_DELRULE, 'req'),
'dump': (RTM_GETRULE, 'root'),
}
if isinstance(kwarg.get('match'), str):
kwarg['match'] = {'ifname': kwarg['match']}
msg = fibmsg()
dump_filter, kwarg = get_dump_filter('rule', command, kwarg)
arguments = get_arguments_processor('rule', command, kwarg)
request = NetlinkRequest(
self, msg, command, command_map, dump_filter, arguments
)
await request.send()
if command == 'dump':
return request.response()
return [x async for x in request.response()]
async def stats(self, command, **kwarg):
'''
Stats prototype.
'''
command_map = {
'dump': (RTM_GETSTATS, 'dump'),
'get': (RTM_GETSTATS, 'get'),
}
msg = ifstatsmsg()
msg['filter_mask'] = kwarg.get('filter_mask', 31)
msg['ifindex'] = kwarg.get('ifindex', 0)
dump_filter, kwarg = get_dump_filter('stats', command, kwarg)
request = NetlinkRequest(self, msg, command, command_map, dump_filter)
await request.send()
if command == 'dump':
return request.response()
return [x async for x in request.response()]
# 8<---------------------------------------------------------------
class AsyncIPRoute(AsyncIPRSocket, RTNL_API):
'''
Regular ordinary async utility class, provides RTNL API using
AsyncIPRSocket as the transport level.
.. warning::
The project core is currently undergoing refactoring, so
some methods may still use the old synchronous API. This
will be addressed in future updates.
The main RTNL API class is built on an asyncio core. All methods
that send netlink requests are asynchronous and return awaitables.
Dump requests return asynchronous generators, while other requests
return iterables, such as tuples or lists.
This design choice addresses the fact that RTNL dumps, such as
routes or neighbors, can return an extremely large number of objects.
Buffering the entire response in memory could lead to performance
issues.
.. testcode::
import asyncio
from pyroute2 import AsyncIPRoute
async def main():
async with AsyncIPRoute() as ipr:
# create a link: immediate evaluation
await ipr.link("add", ifname="test0", kind="dummy")
# dump links: lazy evaluation
async for link in await ipr.link("dump"):
print(link.get("ifname"))
asyncio.run(main())
.. testoutput::
lo
eth0
test0
'''
async def __aenter__(self):
return self
async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc, tb):
self.close()
class IPRoute(NetlinkSocket):
'''
A synchronous version of AsyncIPRoute. All the same API, but
sync. Provides a legacy API for the old code that is not using
asyncio.
This API is designed to be compatible with the old synchronous `IPRoute`
from version 0.8.x and earlier:
.. testcode::
from pyroute2 import IPRoute
with IPRoute() as ipr:
for msg in ipr.addr("dump"):
addr = msg.get("address")
mask = msg.get("prefixlen")
print(f"{addr}/{mask}")
.. testoutput::
127.0.0.1/8
192.168.122.28/24
.. testcode::
from pyroute2 import IPRoute
with IPRoute() as ipr:
# this request returns one match, one interface index
eth0 = ipr.link_lookup(ifname="eth0")
assert len(eth0) == 1 # 1 if exists else 0
# this requests uses a lambda to filter interfaces
# and returns all interfaces that are up
nics_up = set(ipr.link_lookup(lambda x: x.get("flags") & 1))
assert len(nics_up) == 2
assert nics_up == {1, 2}
'''
def __init__(
self,
port=None,
pid=None,
fileno=None,
sndbuf=1048576,
rcvbuf=1048576,
rcvsize=16384,
all_ns=False,
async_qsize=None,
nlm_generator=None,
target='localhost',
ext_ack=False,
strict_check=False,
groups=RTMGRP_DEFAULTS,
nlm_echo=False,
netns=None,
flags=os.O_CREAT,
libc=None,
use_socket=None,
use_event_loop=None,
telemetry=None,
):
self.asyncore = AsyncIPRoute(
port=port,
pid=pid,
fileno=fileno,
sndbuf=sndbuf,
rcvbuf=rcvbuf,
rcvsize=rcvsize,
all_ns=all_ns,
async_qsize=async_qsize,
nlm_generator=nlm_generator,
target=target,
ext_ack=ext_ack,
strict_check=strict_check,
groups=groups,
nlm_echo=nlm_echo,
use_socket=use_socket,
netns=netns,
flags=flags,
libc=libc,
use_event_loop=use_event_loop,
telemetry=telemetry,
)
self.asyncore.status['event_loop'] = 'new'
self.asyncore.local.keep_event_loop = True
self.asyncore.event_loop.run_until_complete(
self.asyncore.setup_endpoint()
)
if self.asyncore.socket.fileno() == -1:
raise OSError(9, 'Bad file descriptor')
@classmethod
def from_asyncore(cls, iproute):
ret = cls()
ret.asyncore = iproute
return ret
def poll(self, method, command, timeout=10, interval=0.2, **spec):
ctime = time.time()
ret = tuple()
while ctime + timeout > time.time():
try:
ret = [x for x in method(command, **spec)]
if ret:
return ret
time.sleep(interval)
except NetlinkDumpInterrupted:
pass
raise TimeoutError()
def __getattr__(self, name):
async_generic_methods = [
'addr',
'link',
'neigh',
'route',
'rule',
'tc',
'fdb',
'brport',
'probe',
'stats',
'link_lookup',
'vlan_filter',
'flush_addr',
'flush_rules',
'flush_routes',
'get_netnsid',
'route_dump',
'route_dumps',
'route_load',
'route_loads',
]
async_dump_methods = [
'dump',
'get_qdiscs',
'get_filters',
'get_classes',
'get_links',
'get_addr',
'get_neighbours',
'get_routes',
'get_rules',
'get_netns_info',
'get_vlans',
'get_default_routes',
'get_ntables',
]
symbol = getattr(self.asyncore, name)
def synchronize_generic(*argv, **kwarg):
async def collect_dump():
return [i async for i in await symbol(*argv, **kwarg)]
async def collect_op():
return await symbol(*argv, **kwarg)
if (
len(argv) > 0
and isinstance(argv[0], str)
and (argv[0].startswith('dump') or argv[0].startswith('show'))
):
task = collect_dump
else:
task = collect_op
return task()
def synchronize_dump(*argv, **kwarg):
async def collect_dump():
return [i async for i in await symbol(*argv, **kwarg)]
return collect_dump()
# create an event loop
cmd = f'iproute-{name}'
if name in async_generic_methods:
return partial(self._run_with_cleanup, synchronize_generic, cmd)
elif name in async_dump_methods:
return partial(self._run_with_cleanup, synchronize_dump, cmd)
return symbol
class IPBatch(IPRoute):
'''
Netlink requests compiler. Does not send any requests, but
instead stores them in the internal binary buffer. The
contents of the buffer can be used to send batch requests,
to test custom netlink parsers and so on.
Uses `RTNL_API` and provides all the same API as normal
`IPRoute` objects::
# create the batch compiler
ipb = IPBatch()
# compile requests into the internal buffer
ipb.link("add", index=550, ifname="test", kind="dummy")
ipb.link("set", index=550, state="up")
ipb.addr("add", index=550, address="10.0.0.2", mask=24)
# save the buffer
data = ipb.batch
# reset the buffer
ipb.reset()
...
# send the buffer
IPRoute().sendto(data, (0, 0))
'''
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.reset()
def reset(self):
self.asyncore.batch = bytearray()
class RawIPRoute(IPRoute):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.asyncore.request_proxy = None
class NetNS(IPRoute):
'''
The `NetNS` class, prior to version 0.9.1, was used to run the RTNL API
in a network namespace. Starting with pyroute2 version 0.9.1, the network
namespace functionality has been integrated into the library core. To run
an `IPRoute` or `AsyncIPRoute` instance in a network namespace, simply use
the `netns` argument:
.. testcode::
from pyroute2 import IPRoute
with IPRoute(netns="test") as ipr:
assert ipr.status["netns"] == "test"
After initialization, the netns name is available as `.status["netns"]`.
The old synchronous `NetNS` class is still available for compatibility
but now serves as a wrapper around `IPRoute`.
.. testcode::
from pyroute2 import NetNS
with NetNS("test") as ns:
assert ns.status["netns"] == "test"
'''
def __init__(
self,
netns=None,
flags=os.O_CREAT,
target='localhost',
libc=None,
groups=RTMGRP_DEFAULTS,
):
super().__init__(
target=target, netns=netns, flags=flags, libc=libc, groups=groups
)
def remove(self):
self.close()
netns.remove(self.status['netns'])
class ChaoticIPRoute(RTNL_API, ChaoticIPRSocket):
'''
IPRoute interface for chaotic tests - raising exceptions randomly.
'''
pass