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// run
// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// Test concurrency primitives: prime sieve of Eratosthenes.
// Generate primes up to 100 using channels, checking the results.
// This sieve is Eratosthenesque and only considers odd candidates.
// See discussion at <http://blog.onideas.ws/eratosthenes.go>.
package main
import (
"container/heap"
"container/ring"
)
// Return a chan of odd numbers, starting from 5.
func odds() chan int {
out := make(chan int, 50)
go func() {
n := 5
for {
out <- n
n += 2
}
}()
return out
}
// Return a chan of odd multiples of the prime number p, starting from p*p.
func multiples(p int) chan int {
out := make(chan int, 10)
go func() {
n := p * p
for {
out <- n
n += 2 * p
}
}()
return out
}
type PeekCh struct {
head int
ch chan int
}
// Heap of PeekCh, sorting by head values, satisfies Heap interface.
type PeekChHeap []*PeekCh
func (h *PeekChHeap) Less(i, j int) bool {
return (*h)[i].head < (*h)[j].head
}
func (h *PeekChHeap) Swap(i, j int) {
(*h)[i], (*h)[j] = (*h)[j], (*h)[i]
}
func (h *PeekChHeap) Len() int {
return len(*h)
}
func (h *PeekChHeap) Pop() (v interface{}) {
*h, v = (*h)[:h.Len()-1], (*h)[h.Len()-1]
return
}
func (h *PeekChHeap) Push(v interface{}) {
*h = append(*h, v.(*PeekCh))
}
// Return a channel to serve as a sending proxy to 'out'.
// Use a goroutine to receive values from 'out' and store them
// in an expanding buffer, so that sending to 'out' never blocks.
func sendproxy(out chan<- int) chan<- int {
proxy := make(chan int, 10)
go func() {
n := 16 // the allocated size of the circular queue
first := ring.New(n)
last := first
var c chan<- int
var e int
for {
c = out
if first == last {
// buffer empty: disable output
c = nil
} else {
e = first.Value.(int)
}
select {
case e = <-proxy:
last.Value = e
if last.Next() == first {
// buffer full: expand it
last.Link(ring.New(n))
n *= 2
}
last = last.Next()
case c <- e:
first = first.Next()
}
}
}()
return proxy
}
// Return a chan int of primes.
func Sieve() chan int {
// The output values.
out := make(chan int, 10)
out <- 2
out <- 3
// The channel of all composites to be eliminated in increasing order.
composites := make(chan int, 50)
// The feedback loop.
primes := make(chan int, 10)
primes <- 3
// Merge channels of multiples of 'primes' into 'composites'.
go func() {
var h PeekChHeap
min := 15
for {
m := multiples(<-primes)
head := <-m
for min < head {
composites <- min
minchan := heap.Pop(&h).(*PeekCh)
min = minchan.head
minchan.head = <-minchan.ch
heap.Push(&h, minchan)
}
for min == head {
minchan := heap.Pop(&h).(*PeekCh)
min = minchan.head
minchan.head = <-minchan.ch
heap.Push(&h, minchan)
}
composites <- head
heap.Push(&h, &PeekCh{<-m, m})
}
}()
// Sieve out 'composites' from 'candidates'.
go func() {
// In order to generate the nth prime we only need multiples of
// primes ≤ sqrt(nth prime). Thus, the merging goroutine will
// receive from 'primes' much slower than this goroutine
// will send to it, making the buffer accumulate and block this
// goroutine from sending, causing a deadlock. The solution is to
// use a proxy goroutine to do automatic buffering.
primes := sendproxy(primes)
candidates := odds()
p := <-candidates
for {
c := <-composites
for p < c {
primes <- p
out <- p
p = <-candidates
}
if p == c {
p = <-candidates
}
}
}()
return out
}
func main() {
primes := Sieve()
a := []int{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97}
for i := 0; i < len(a); i++ {
if x := <-primes; x != a[i] {
println(x, " != ", a[i])
panic("fail")
}
}
}